Reliability depends on the ability to achieve a given measurement consistently (Weiner & Greene, 2008). Viglione and Taylor (2003) specifically examined this issue using the Comprehensive System. They reported that in their own study, among 84 raters evaluating 70 Rorschach variables, there was a strong inter-rater reliability, particularly for the base-rate variables. They also reviewed 24 previously published papers, all reporting various inter-rater reliabilities. Most of these studies reported reliabilities in the range of 85% to 99%. Aside from inter-rater reliability, test-retest reliability is another important consideration. Exner (as cited in Groth-Marnat, 2009, pp. 389-90) reported reliabilities from .26 to .92 over a 1-year interval considering 41 variables; four of them were above .90, 25 between .81 and .89, and 10 below .75. However, the most unreliable variables were attributed to state changes. It was further noted that the most relied upon factors, ratios and percentages, were among the most reliable. Therefore, it can be concluded that the Comprehensive System can yield high reliability when used under the conditions applied in these studies.
rorschach test cards pdf 24
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Musewicz, J., Marczyk, G., Knauss, L., & York, D. (2009). Current assessment practice, personality measurement, and rorschach usage by psychologists. Journal Of Personality Assessment, 91(5), 453-461. doi:10.1080/00223890903087976
Smith, S. R., Chang, J., Kochinski, S., Patz, S., & Nowinski, L. A. (2010). Initial validity of the logical rorschach in the assessment of trauma. Journal Of Personality Assessment, 92(3), 222-231. doi:10.1080/00223891003670174
Projective techniques have been understood in a variety of different ways since they were first conceived. In early applications, at a time when the Freudian model was the dominant theoretical framework, projectives were interpreted primarily as instruments that were able to circumvent defenses and conscious control of the patient and to provide access to contents that were not otherwise accessible (Murray 1938; Frank 1939). The ambiguity of the stimuli in these tests was understood to stimulate the projection of the internal world, avoiding the perception of reality as much as possible. For this reason they were named projective techniques or tests, and were intended to offer a more objective evaluation than the therapist's impressions and to enable more reliable and objective diagnoses or case formulations to inform treatment choices.
The empirical investigation we present in this paper is based on two related hypotheses, originally proposed by Rorschach (1921/1942) and subsequently supported by several authors. The color-affect hypothesis states that there is a connection between stimulus chromatic features, color based responses and affective regulation capability; the form-reality testing hypothesis claims that an association exists between the degree of stimulus contour definition, accurate recognition of specific forms, and reality testing.
Whereas the REF assesses linguistic contents associated with abstract thought, the WRRL and IWRRL, like the WRAD and IWRAD, primarily concerns linguistic style rather than contents, how people talk rather than what they talk about. IWRAD allow detecting in a therapy session or in a speech the symbolization phase, IWRRL the reflection and reorganization one (See Bucci 2021a). Other complementary measures of the referential process have also been developed that refer primarily to contents rather than style of speech. Like the REF, they detect the proportion of words present in a speech sample related to specific themes connected in some way to the RP. These may include words referring to affects, and sensory-somatic issues, and also include measures of disfluency (see Maskit 2021). Some of these alongside the IWRAD and the IWRRL will be applied in this study to narratives elicited by the Object Relations Technique, a narrative projective test chosen for its unique and specific stimulus features.
The narratives elicited by the cards in Group A will also be relatively low in IWRAD and relatively high in IWRRL. The vague contours and bare setting with limited perceptual details provide limited reality structure. Furthermore, the cards are achromatic, thus less likely to be evocative of emotion; the presence of shadings would further limit reality constraints, thus favoring an inward based response.
The cards of Group B will elicit narratives with medium levels of IWRRL and IWRAD; on the one hand the more well-defined contours, with no shading, and more reality details define the setting more clearly; on the other hand the cards are achromatic and thus less activating of emotion.
The cards of Group C, with defined contours and reality details will elicit narratives with higher levels of IWRAD and lower levels of IWRRL. In addition, the chromatic colors should elicit more emotional activation linked to specific contexts. (These factors are expected to override any effect of shadings).
The ORT cards also vary systematically in the number of human silhouettes outlined; the effects of variation in this property are not predicted and will be explored. The effects of the cards on other linguistic measures will also be explored.
Participants were asked to participate individually in a study on validity of a projective test, the ORT. The test was administered by four trained graduate students in a suitable room on the University of Bergamo campus. Before administration a written consent to participate and be audio-recorded during the study was provided. At the end, a debriefing on the study was given to participants.
Verbatim transcriptions were made of all narratives told in response to the ORT cards in order to estimate the linguistic qualities of each story through the IDAAP application. Because of possible validity issues (Lis et al. 2002) we excluded from the analyses ORT protocols with fewer than 500 words. Since the study called for a non-clinical sample, we also excluded participants who scored higher than the clinical cutoff value on the Global Severity Index of the SCL-90-R.
In sum, as the degree of definition and the chromatic features of the cards increased, the narratives told in response were more vivid, specific, clear and concrete. The tendency to reflect in a non-abstract way on the stories did not increase systematically with these variations in features of the cards; however the association of such reflection with the more vivid narratives did show a significant and systematic increase, which had not been predicted and which will be discussed further. The blank card appeared to elicit personal reflection but with less immediate emotional involvement.
In sum, as the number of individuals depicted on the cards increased, the average IWRAD level of the narratives as well as the co-variation IWRAD_IWRRL decreased, and both IWRAD and the IWRAD_IWRRL co-variation had the lowest average values in the blank card. The IWRRL showed higher scores in the blank card in comparison with all other groups of cards; the difference was not statistically significant for the group cards.
A significant interaction effect between number of human silhouettes and degree of figure definition was also found for IWRAD, IWRRL, and IWRAD_IWRRL (see Table 2): As for IWRAD and IWRAD_IWRRL the progressive increase of the scores from Group A to Group C was more marked in 1-person cards and progressively less in the other interpersonal settings; in contrast, the progressive decrease of the IWRRL scores from Group A to Group C was more marked in 1-person cards and progressively less in the other interpersonal settings.
Although we did not formulate specific hypotheses concerning the other complementary linguistic measures of interest, we found significant effects that are worth reporting (see Tables 2, 3). The number of words referring to abstract thought and reflection (IRefD) shows the highest value in Group A and in the 3-person cards; the words relating to affects with positive valence (IPAffD) and neutral valence (IZAffD) are present in the highest degree in the blank card with respect to both the other interpersonal settings and the groups of cards A, B and C. The words related to the negative affects (INAffD) are present with greater frequency during the administration of the cards of Group B and the group situation cards.
This is the first study to examine the effects of variation in visual stimuli as represented in features of the ORT cards on linguistic indicators of connection to emotional experience using measures of the referential process. The hypothesis that particular stimulus features of the ORT cards affect the linguistic qualities of the narratives inspired by the cards has been supported by the results. In particular, the variation from achromatic to chromatic cards, the increase in details of reality, and the greater definition of the figure contours elicit narratives with higher referential activity, measured by IWRAD. We suggest that such stimulus features may activate specific sensory, emotional and cognitive processes as represented in more vivid and immediate instantiations of emotion schemas (Bucci 1997; Bucci et al. 2016). We suggest that the color-affect and form-reality testing hypotheses that have been widely proposed in the literature also obtain new support through the linguistic measures applied here.
We also note that the level of the reflection dictionary (IRefD) is greater in responses to the vaguely contoured achromatic cards of Group A than any of the other conditions, suggesting stronger defensive operations towards emotions in these cards. The dependency, anxiety and uncertainty issues prompted by this group of cards probably stimulate a higher level of reflection and defense. Overall the data provide confirmation for the effects of chromatic colors in eliciting greater emotional involvement as expressed both in vivid and detailed narratives of experiences combined with some organization of their emotional meanings. 2ff7e9595c
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